SECTION 1

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

Time: Approximately 30 minutes 50 questions

PART A

In Part A , you will hear short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The question will be spoken just one time. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible anwers and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1.

2.

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5.

6.

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8.

9.

10.

11.

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16.

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21.

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26.

27.

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30.

Part B

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will hear several questions. The conversations ad questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question, read the four possible answers and select the best answer. Then, on the answer choice, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter for the answer you have chosen. Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

Part C

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear several talks. After each talk, you will hear some questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question, you will read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

DIRECTIONS

Questions number 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word of phrase that best complets the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen.

1. The attorney told his client that .......................

2. One of the professor's greatest atributes is .......................

3. The bank sent a notice to its customers which contained .......................

4. ....................... was the day before yesterday.

5. It was not until she had arrived home ....................... remembered her appointment with the doctor

6. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .......................

7. ....................... received law degrees as today

8. The students liked that professor's course because .......................

9. George ....................... he could improve his test scores, but he did not have enough time to study.

10. ......................., He would have come to class.

11. Lee contributed fifty dollars, but he wishes he could contribute.......................

12. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware .......................

13. Since he changed profession, Fred's yearly income has .......................

14. Nancy hasn't begun working on her Ph.D. ....................... working on her master's

15. The director of this organization must know .......................

16. The artist tried stimulate interest in painting by taking his students to the museum.

17. While they were away at the beach, they allowed their neighboards use barbeque grill.

18. Today was such beautiful day that I couldn't bring myself to complete all my chores.

19. They are planning on attending the converntion next month, and so I am.

20. She wishes that we didn't send her the candy yesterday because she is on a diet.

21. The athlete, together with his coach and several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.

22. Each of the nurses report to the operating room when his or her name is called.

23. Before she moved here, Ailine had been president of the organization since for years.

24. Nancy said that she went to the supermarket before coming.

25. Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.

26. Profesor Duncan teaches both anthropology as well as sociology each fall.

27. My brother is in California on vacation, but I wish he was here so that he could help me repair my car.

28. I certainly appreciate him telling us about the daily in delivering the materials because he had planned to begin work tomorrow.

29. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment in such of a way that it was easily understood.

30. Rudolp Nureyew has become one of the greatest dancer that the ballet world has ever known.

31. The harder he tried, the worst he danced before the large audience.

32. When Keith visited Alaska, he lived in a igloo in the winter months as well as in the spring.

33. The girls were sorry to had missed the singers when they arrived at the airport.

34. Keith is one of the most inteligent boys of the science class.

35. Several people have apparent tried to change the man's mind, but he refuses to listen.

36. Many of the population in the rural areas is composed of manual laborers.

37. The leader Emphasized that need for justice and equality between his people.

38. The influence of the nation's literature, art, and science have captured widespread attention.

39. The town we visited was a four-days jurney from our hotel, so we took the train instead of the bus.

40. He has less friends in his classes now than he had last year.

DIRECTIONS

In this section, you will read a number of passages. Each one is followed by approximately ten questions about it. For 1-50, chose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), and (D), to each question. Then, find the number of the question on your answer sheet, and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have choosen. Answer all of the questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated in that passage.

Question 1- 8

With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of modem sculpture in the United States. Direct carving – in which the sculptors themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chisel – must be recognized as something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the (1) medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even (3) dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter. The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving the finished marble.

With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans – Laurent and Zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primary means of working.

Born in France, Robert Laurent (1890-197Q) was a prodigy who received his education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the years that followed he (5) witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker. Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The Priestess, which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacific art. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design. It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as (7) a break with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.

1. The word "medium" in the text could be used to refer to

2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?

3. The word "dictates" in the text is closest in meaning to

4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?

5. The word "witnessed" in the text is closest in meaning to

6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?

7. The phrase "a break with" in the text is closest in meaning to

8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

Question 9 – 19

Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and (10) conserve precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity – horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks – but the effect of sheltering is (12) magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two (13) kinglets huddling together were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat.

The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as "information centers." During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to (14) forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.

Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially (16) counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if (19) they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch small birds perching at the margins of the roost.

9. What does the passage mainly discuss?

10. The word "conserve" in the text is closest in meaning to

11. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by

12. The word "magnified" in the text is closest in meaning to

13. The author mentions kinglets in the text as an example of birds that

14. The word "forage" in the text is closest in meaning to

15. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?

16. The word "counteracted" in the text is closest in meaning to

17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that huddle together while sleeping?

18. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the passage?

19. The word "they" in the text refers to

Question 20 – 30

Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to (22) prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.

Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve (25) them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year.

In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a (26) fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's. Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. (28) Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

21. The phrase "in season" in the text discuss?

22. The word "prevent" in the text is closest in meaning to

23. During the 1860's, canned food products were

24. It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use

25. The word "them" in the text refers to

26. The word "fixture" in the text is closest in meaning to

27. The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice

28. The word "nevertheless" in the text is closest in meaning to

29. Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the passage?

30. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

Question 31 – 38

The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous. Newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up or slows it down. If a cat has no spin when it is released and experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it falls.

In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician's trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the (32) process is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by means of high-speed photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy. But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment.

The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894.Two sequences of twenty photographs each, one from the side and one from behind, show a white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down, with no initial spin and still landed on its feet. Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret: As the cat (35) rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect accord with Newton's laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result. The explanation was that while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexible one can (37) readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold.

31. What does the passage mainly discuss?

32. The word "process" in the text refers to

33. Why are the photographs mentioned in paragraph 3 referred to as an "experiment"?

34. Which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in the late 1800's?

35. The word "rotates" in the text is closest in meaning to

36. According to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is

37. The word "readily" in the text is closest in meaning to

38. How did scientists increase "the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold" (last sentence in paragraph 3)?

Question 39 – 50

The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially (41) distinguished the nation's “urban” from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants.

Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of urban to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included (44) those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).

Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and (45) constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of (46) which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area would include the county in which the central city was located, and adjacent counties that were found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the county of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities.

While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town” and “cities.” A host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions,” “polynucleated population groups,” “conurbations, “ “metropolitan clusters,” “megalopolises” and so on.

39. What does the passage mainly discuss?

40. According to the passage, the population of the United States was first classified as rural or urban in

41. The word "distinguished" in the text is closest in meaning to

42. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defined as urban?

43. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?

44. The word "those" in the text refers to

45. The word "constituting" in the text is closest in meaning to

46. The word "which" in the text refers to a smaller

47. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?

48. By 1970, what proportion of the population in the United States did NOT live in an SMSA?

49. The Census Bureau first used the term "SMSA" in

50. Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area?